Why Array index always starts with 0 not with 1?

In programming languages like C,C++,Java there is concept of array which is used to hold more than one value of same datatype.The array contains index and its value.Its index always starts with 0.Have you ever got question like why it is 0 only not 1 or 2 or 3 and so on?

Array Structure in programming languages

 Let us find it out by understanding an example.

Suppose one array is declared as... 

int a[7];

Here a  is a pointer which contain location of first element.To access 1st element,we write a[0].This is assigned as *(a+0).For 2nd element,it is *(a+1).Because a has address of 1st element so for 2nd element we will increment it by 1. 

Now assume that index starts with 1.Then to access 1st element,we write a[1]. So it will assigned *(a+1-1).As you can see here,the extra operation is performed that is subtraction.This will require more memory and time for compiler as compare to array index 0.Also the performance will degrade if program code is large.

So,to avoid the extra operations,array index always starts with 0.Please share this if it is valuable. :) 

How to get rid of chromium malwar

Sometimes it happens that you are downloading something and automatically chromium is downloaded.Now whenever you you start your pc chromium screen appears.
        To get rid of this,try uninstalling chromium:

1. go to start
2. open control pannel
3. select Programs then go to uninstall program
4. right click on chromium and uninstall it.

If above steps doesn't work then open task manager and end all the chrome processes.Then try to uninstall the chromium.

Above steps doesn't work then open your browser setting.In this,select advance settings in which you will see System having two options.In this,you have to uncheck "continue running background apps when google chrome is closed".Close your browser and open again and you'll see that the issue is solved. 

Hidden files and folder recovery on your USB drive

       Many times it happens that when you connect your USB drive and when you open it,it shows Nothing.But when you check its property,it contains all your data.you're like what the hell is wrong with my USB.Its the Virus that hides your data.
       To ensure that your files are safe,open your USB drive.In search bar,type *.*.You will see your folders and files.But its not the solution.
        To remove such virus follow this steps:

1. Open Command prompt.
2. Type your USB letter.e.g if it is G then type G: and hit enter.
3. Now type the command->    attrib  -s  -h  -r  /s  /d  *.*  and press enter.
4. Now close the command prompt and check your files and folder in my computer.

Here attrib is attribute command,"-"=remove priviledge,"s"=system,"h"=hidden,"r"=read-only and "*.*"=wild card characters means all files and folders.

Hash and Double quote key is swapped?

Hey guess,many of you might have faced this problem that # and "" keys are swapped that is when you press shift+2 it will print "" and when you press shift+' ,it will print @.
      Here is the solution:
May be you've'just changed the OS.Well,this happened because you're using different keyboard.Nothing much but all you have to do is change your keyboard type.Go to Control pannel >Clock,Language and region >Language.Now,you will see the option menu.In this you have to select English(United Kingdome).
      Now,check the keys.They are working perfectly.  ;)

Fix ERR_NAME_RESOLUTION_FAILED

while using google chrome,you may face number of errors.One of these is resoluton failed error.To solve it follow the steps below:

FLUSH AND RENEW DNS

open command prompt and write few commands:

ipconfig /flushdns

ipconfig /registerdns

After running these commands restart your computer and you will see this error is fixed.

   

      -if it doesnt work then try  assigning  DNS manually. 

Windows 8 shortcut keys one must know

Windows 8 is the advanced version which has many graphical changes.From tip to toe it has been advanced for more features.Also compatible for both tablet and PC users.Here are some shortcut keys which will rapid your functionalities.Check it out..!!

1. Windows key + L : shows lock screen
2. Windows key + M : minimize all open tabs
3. Windows key + shift + M : restore the minimize windows
4. Windows key + F : display search option
5. Windows key + C : display Windows charm screen
6. Windows key + D : shows desktop
7. Windows key + E : open My Computer
8. Windows key + H : display sharing options
9. Windows key + W : search through settings
10. Windows key + R : shows run screen
11. Windows key + F1 : displays windows help and support screen
12. Windows key + 0 to 9 : opens the apps displayed on the number keys accordingly.
13. Windows key + up : maximize current window
14. Windows key+ down : minimize current window
15. Windows key + left arrow : maximize current window to the left
16. Windows key + right arrow : maximize current window to the right
17. Windows key + print screen : take print screen and saves to Pictures folder
18. Windows key +. : used for multitasking and snaps to the right
19. Windows key + shift +. : snaps all the app to left
20. Windows key + tab : shows all open apps
21. Windows key + ,  : shows desktop temporary
22. Windows key +  +: zoom in using magnifier
23. Windows key + - : zoom out using magnifier
24. Alt + F4 : close the current open apps

1. Ctrl + Alt + Del : open task manager

SEM -5 GTU IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF MPI

1.  Draw the function block diagram of IC 8085 and its working.

2.      Explain the addressing mode of 8085 with example.

3.      Define and Decoding Technique. Explain any one in detail.

4.      Explain I/O Mapped I/O and give differentiate it with Memory Mapped I/O.

5.      Define Interrupt and explain 8085 Interrupt structure.

6.      List and explain the categories of 8085 instruction that deal with data transfer.

7.      Explain the working of rotate instruction of 8085 with proper example.

8.      Draw and explain the block diagram of 8255A programmable peripheral interface device. What do you mean by BSR mode?

9.      Explain Mode – 1 (Strobe I/O) of 8255 PPI in details.

10.  How many machine cycles are required to execute MVI A, 32H instruction? Draw complete timing diagram with each machine cycle and find execution time for instruction with assume clock frequency f=2 MHz

11.  Draw and explain programmable interrupt controller 8259A.

12.  Draw and explain initialization sequence of interrupt controller 8259A.

13.  Write a program to calculate the factorial of a number between 0 to 8.

14.  Explain RIM and SIM instruction with pseudo code example.

15.  Write ALP for display binary up counter. Counter should count the number from 00H to FFH and it should increment after every 0.5 sec.(Use 8085 operating frequency=2MHz).

16.  Explain Subroutine with proper examples.

17.  Explain register section of 8086.

18.  Explain addressing mode of 8086/80286.

19.  Explain Segment Descriptor? Explain in detail.

20.  Explain the Memory Management Unit of 80286/80386(physical address generation).

21.  Explain architecture of 80386 with block diagram.

22.  Explain architecture of 80286 with block diagram.

23.  Explain the architecture of Pentium processor.

24.  Discuss the features of ARM Processor.

25.  Draw and explain architecture of SUN SPARC.

26.  Explain Page Table and Page Directory Entry with 80386 microprocessor.

27.  What is descriptor table? What is its use? Differentiate between GDT and LDT.